Mary Tudor was the first female reigning queen of England. His story is one of tragedy, futility and turmoil that left England in a state of turmoil. She also left the nickname that is known today, Bloody Mary.
She was born on February 18, 1866, the daughter of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon. He was the fifth born of them and the only child from the union that survived.
Mary was intelligent and her mother ensured that she received an extensive education. By the age of nine he could read and write in Latin. She also learned the Latin language, music and dance.
Henry seemed to be fond of his daughter, although he did not conceal the fact that he had no male heir. She liked to show off her talents in the courtroom and she even completed the girls’ recital at the age of four.
Henry, when she was nine, sent her to preside over the council of Cambria. He had his court at Ludlow Castle, and was addressed to the Prince of Wales, though in name only.
When you are the daughter of a king, you are a political tycoon, and you will use whatever means are deemed most useful. The discussion of various marriages began at an early age for Mary. For two years it was promised to Dauphin of France, who was the son of King Francis I. This contract was canceled after three years. When she was six, she became the wife of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was twenty. -two year old cousin This contract was also terminated a few years later. Then it pleased King Francis himself to be engaged, because an alliance with the Gauls was greatly desired. He decided to marry Mary either to the king or to his other son, Duke Henry of Aurelian. Although this marriage did not take place, the partnership was still achieved.
When Mary was a teenager her world was turned upside down. Her father had asked her from her mother by wish. Henry was desperate for an heir and wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. He asserted that the marriage of Catherine of Aragon was cursed, that she was his brother’s widow, even though Catherine had sworn that her marriage to Henry’s elder brother, Arthur, had never been consummated. Pope Julius II granted a dispensation so that the two could be conjugal, but now Henry asserted that the Pope had no right to grant it.
Mary was often ill. From the time she was 15 years old she suffered from irregular menstruation and depression. Composing this, Henry did not allow Mary to see his mother beaten by the court. This undoubtedly caused Mary a great deal of pain.
Henry had married Anne and had married the Roman Catholic church, forming the Church of England with his head Catherine Dowager Princess of Wales and Mary declared illegitimate. She was no longer Princess Mary, but now Lady Mary. She was already in line for the throne after her infant sister Elizabeth. He lost his house; owns slaves; he was expelled from the court and had to wait on the lady Elizabeth’s baby.
She refused to admit that Queen Anne had taken the place of her mother Anne and that the constant accidents of the situation had brought on serious illnesses. . Things are so bad between Henry and her that the two do not speak for 3 years.
Unfortunately, Catherine also fell ill at this time and died in 1536 without Mary to see her. Mary was devastated and had no one to comfort her in her time of sorrow. The pain and anger at the way her father had treated her and her mother had fueled a deep hatred for Henry and Anne.
He probably felt some form of jubilation at the execution of Anne Boleyn. Queen Elizabeth became Lady Elizabeth, like her half-sister before her; she was punished because she was her mother’s daughter.
Henry married Jane Seymour two weeks later. He tried to plead with Jane for Mary, who refused to recognize his father as the head of the Church of England and his insistence. which was illegitimate. At last, either through terror or perversion, he was able to eat her into agreeing to his demands. She was allowed to return to the right.
Rebels against Henry’s secession from the Catholic Church rebels claimed Mary was restored as legitimate and added to the line of succession. . The “Pilgrimage of Grace” as the rebellion was called, was completely defeated and the rebels were executed.
Queen Jane died a few days after her son Edward’s day. Mary became the child’s godmother and was the chief mourner at Joan’s funeral.
She was given a home again and allowed to live in the royal palace again. He wore prodigiously, and through his favorite game, gambling. He was worshiped by Philip, duke of Bavaria, but because he was a Lutheran, he did not succeed.
Cromwell, in 1539, married Mary, duke of Cleves, but Henry married the duke’s sister, Anne of Cleves. The contract was signed before the two met in person, so even though Henry didn’t like it when they first saw him, he wouldn’t back out of the contract with any kind of agreement, so he was essentially forced to marry her.
Cromwell’s enemies attacked the time and used it against him. He fell out of favor, and was arrested for treason in 1540. Among the charges against him was the allegation that he himself was plotting to marry Mary. Whether it was true or not, the king believed and executed his old friend and supporter. Henry and Anna agreed to a friendly ring and became friends for a time.
After Catherine Howard’s brief marriage to Henry ended in her execution, Mary served as her father’s guest at court and in other roles.
Henry married Catherine Parr in 1543. Reuniting the family, both Mary and Elizabeth were restored to the line of succession after their half-brother Edward, although both women still remained illegitimate.
Henry VIII died in 1547, and his son Edward VI was crowned. Mary’s estates in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex among other possessions. Edward, still a boy, had a council led by heretics. They established the Act of Uniformity in 1549. This prescribed that the rites of the Church should be Protestant. Mary, being a Catholic, asked her cousin Charles V to practice his religion in her chapel.
During the reign of Edward, Mary remained mostly in her estates and avoided the court. Edward and Mary disagreed about religion, and she chose to stay away rather than dissuade him. Mary attended the birthday court which Elizabeth also attended. Mary was thirty, and Edward thirteen, but by a heated public discussion of religion, both were brought to tears. nor will he give it to another.
Edward VI died on August 6, 1433, when he was fifteen, apparently of tuberculosis. Mary did not want to succeed for fear of restoring the Catholic faith to England. It was said that he could not exclude Mary without excluding Elizabeth, who was a follower of the Anglican Church. He heard John Dudley, 1st duke of Northumbria, and inherited both.
They claim to be Dudley’s daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, Mary Tudor’s niece, Henry’s sister and Queen of France. Lady Jane was a cousin of Mary and Elizabeth. John Dudley was a very ambitious man who saw the perfect opportunity to place his son, Lord Guildford Dudley, in the kingdom of England.
Mary was brought to London to see her brother, but someone warned her that it was a trap. He fled to East England where he had extensive possessions and where Dudley had many enemies. She wrote to the Privy Council on 9 July from Kenninghall, Norfolk, announcing her succession to the throne.
On July 10, 1433, Queen Jane was abdicated by Dudley, but by the 12th, Mary had assembled a force of soldiers at Framlingham Castle, Suffolk. Joan is deposed on the 19th and she and Dudley are sent to the Castle of London. On August 3, 1433, Mary entered London with Lady Elizabeth, eight hundred nobles, and other supporters.
Mary ordered the release of the Roman Catholic Duke of Norfolk. Knowing that Lady Jane was a traitor to Dudley, she saved her and her husband, Mr. Guildford Dudley, was imprisoned, and the elder Dudley had his majesty executed. Henry Gray, John’s father, was released. Almost all the private advisers were involved in that conspiracy. Mary appointed Stephen Gardiner bishop of Winchester and lord chancellor of the council. He crowned Mary on October 1, 1553.
Almost immediately Mary began to look for a husband to produce an heir. His cousin Charles V suggested his son Philip of Spain. Mary fell in love at first sight after seeing his picture. He would be a powerful man who would possess large territories in Europe and the New World.
The lord chancellor and the court of commons endeavored to obtain the English earnestly; The idea of marriage was unpopular with both Spain and England. Philip was not excited about going to England, the rainy land of heretics, since in England, Gardiner and others did not like the idea of Mary marrying a foreigner, and the Protestants feared a Catholic marriage.
When he was about to marry Mary to Philip, in addition to his country’s reservations, Thomas Wyatt led forces from Kent to depose Mary and place the Protestant Elizabeth on the throne, with the help of Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk; Sir Jane’s father; who, it seems, had not learned his first lesson by his rebellion. Mary said she would leave the plan in parliament. When Wyatt reached London, he was overwhelmed and captured. Wyatt, Henry Grey, Lady Jane and Gildford Dudley were all struck with axes. Elizabeth, who protested her innocence in the rebellion, was imprisoned in the tower for two months, but was then placed in custody.
Mary was the first queen of England and Ireland reigning. But in English common law, whatever titles and properties a young woman passed to her husband on marriage, there was a fear that Philip might become king of England in reality instead of just a name. Although Mary’s ancestor King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain retained control of the kingdoms during her marriage, it was nothing. in England for this example. The spouses, therefore, affirmed the laws, although the parliament was established under both names, Philip, king of England, and the laws would bear the name of both; unless it were in Mary’s life. England would not be obliged to support Spain in any war. Philip could not appoint foreigners to the service of England without Mary’s consent. He was not happy about the limits, but the marriage was purely political for him. He did not love Mary and consented to the marriage only for the sake of the alliance he would create between Spain and England.
In order to match the dignity of Philip to Mary; Charles V gave him the crown of Naples and also the kingdom of Jerusalem. Mary, queen of Naples and Jerusalem, did this. They were married in Winchester Cathedral on July 25, 1554, two days after the meeting. Not knowing English, Phillip communicated with Maria by speaking a mixture of Spanish, French and Latin.
Maria stopped menstruating in September 1554. Symptoms include pregnancy weight gain and nausea. Everyone believed that the queen was pregnant. In April, Elizabeth was called into court to witness the birth of the royal baby. A certain Philip doubted whether his wife was pregnant.
April passed into May and June, and Mary still did not give birth. Rumors began to arise that Mary was not pregnant. She signs of pregnancy until July when her abdomen suddenly went down. She seems to have had a phantom pregnancy. The Blue Ambassador, Giovanni Michiel, was heard to say that the pregnancy was “more likely to end in the wind than anything else”.
In the month of August, Philip left England to lead the armies in Flanders against Gaul. This breaks and depresses Mary’s heart.
Elizabeth remained at court and Philip, fearing that Mary, Queen of Scots, would have no heirs before Mary Elizabeth, persuaded Elizabeth to marry Duke Emmanuel Philabert, Duke of Savoy, but Elizabeth refused.
As soon as Mary took power, she issued an edict not to force her subjects to practice religion, but it did not last. In September the chief reformers, John Bradford, John Rogers, John Hooper, Hugh Latimer, and Thomas Cranmer, were thrown into prison.
In his first parliament in October 1553, he declared that the marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon was valid, that he had effectively renewed himself and abolished the religious laws passed by Edward VI. He restored this ecclesiastical law to its original form of six Articles, one of which restored celibacy to the clergy. Priests who were married refused their benefits.
When the latter broke out with the Roman Catholic Church, Philip talked Mary into abrogating the laws passed by the previous prince, emotionally returning England to the Roman fold. This also took months, and the monasteries were retained by the new lords, who were powerful, in return for the rents of the church. At the same time the Heresy Act was renewed and the horror began.
Many Protestants were executed for reasons called Marian. Many of the wealthier Protestants, including John Foxe, went into exile, but about 800 others followed suit.
Mary began executing heretics in February 1555. Some of the men who had been imprisoned in September went first. Thomas Cranmer, who was Archbishop of Canterbury, was forced into the custody of Bishop Ridley and Latimer was burned. He quickly converted to Protestantism and joined the Catholic Church. According to the law he should have been absolved by repentance, but not enough Mary. She burned him at the stake anyway. Thomas Cranmer defiantly recited the Catholic faith in a prayer while praying. In all, 283 people were burned, although the custom was abolished by the princes in their government. there was a real fear that the people might fail because of the atrocity of the punishment. Unfortunately he increased anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish sentiments among his subjects and the men who were executed became martyrs.
Reginald Polus, who had once been regarded as a possible suitor of Mary, had come to the court as apostolic legate in Rome in November 1554. to the council
When Henry created the kingdom of Ireland in 1542, it was not recognized by the Catholic Church. Mary obtained a papal bull in 1555 and the kingdom was officially recognized. The English began to live in Ireland.
King Charles On January 5, 1556, Philip abdicated his throne and Mary became king and queen of Spain consort. Mary remained in England while Philip was crowned in Brussels. In February Philip made peace with Gaul. One month later, the French ambassador, Antoine de Noailles, was caught conspiring with Henry Dudley in an attempt to conspire against Mary. Dudley was the second soldier, a relative of the duke of Northumbria, executed. The conspiracy became known as the Dudley Conspiracy. Dudley remained in exile in France while the ambassador left England in haste. The conspirators left in England were quickly arrested.
In March 1557, Philip returned to England to persuade Mary to help him in the French war. His advisers entered into a plan because of the disruption of trade with France. Because of the weather and economic decisions made during the reign of Edward VI, England was financially strapped. War was finally declared when Thomas Stratford, grandson of Reginald Pole, invaded England with the help of the French in yet another attempt to depose Mary. The dispute between England and Rome began because Pope Paul IV was a supporter of Henry II of France. In 1558 the French took Caletus because Maria had lost her position. England was divided by various factions and Protestant pamphlets were circulated which encouraged anti-Spanish opinion.
The sky in England was wet as usual during Mary’s reign. the rain and the rivers caused famine. Despite Mary’s marriage to Philip, England received no favors from the Spanish in the New World. Nor would he condone piracy against Spain on account of her marriage with Philip. He tried to save the economy by seeking commercial opportunities and trade expansion.
He tried to fit modern government into the medieval system. There was a failure to impose tariffs on certain imports and a lot of money was lost because of this oversight. A book was published called the “Book of Rates” in 1558 which listed the duties and customs duties of all imports. He appointed Mary William Paulet, 1st Marquis of Winton, finitor of Morus, and appointed him to oversee the system of revenue collections.
After Phillips visited in 1557, Mary thought she was pregnant again. His debt was calculated to date to March 1558. In his will he determined that Philip would rule during the minority of his son.
Also, he was not a child and Mary was forced to face the fact that Elizabeth could well be his successor.
She became ill in May 1558 and died on November 17, 1558. She was 42 years old. It is believed that she died of either ovarian or uterine cancer and is known to have suffered a great deal of pain. Phillipus asserted in a certain letter: “I felt just repentance for his death.”
Mary left a legacy of chaos and death. The time has passed for a bloodthirsty tyrant of fame. It is possible that he took the anger and pain against his father’s treatment of himself and his mother against all who support the Catholic faith or Catherine of Aragon it was not, “inciting the execution of heretics.” Whatever the reason, her nickname will forever be remembered as “Bloody Mary”.
Fountain;
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
