Delaware or Lenape
Basics: Algonquian-speaking people. The Munsee-Delaware (Northern Delaware) people were extensive horticultural people who hunted and gathered, and lived in round villages for years (wigwams and longhouses). The word “Delaware” is not a native term. The Delaware was named after the river where many of his company resided. The river was named by Mr. Thomas West, Mr. de la Warr (the first governor of Virginia). The name Lenni for themselves, Lenni-Lenape, roughly meaning “folk” or “real person,” has been dropped by the Lenni in later times. The country of the Delaware or Lenape in European contact included all of New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, New York, coastal Delaware, and the corners of Maryland and Connecticut. Some of the Delaware passed through Indiana as early as 1775, when they were claiming Missouri, and at least one Delaware village was founded in Southern Indiana. /a> by 1776. However, mainly Delaware, who had come to reside in the state (in White River) so just a few years later coming from Ohio towns where the Miami and Shawnee (with the Shawnee staying in both Northern and Southern Indiana). By 1821, under American pressure, Delaware left Indiana for settlements in the states of Missouri, Kansas (later Oklahoma), Texas, and Wisconsin. There is also a small possibility that some may have ended up in Mexico (see Kickapoo below).
Kickapoo
Basics: Algonquian-speaking horticultural people who hunted and gathered, and lived in villages and permanent summer structures (bark houses: multi-family houses), and semi-permanent winter camp (wigwams: nuclear family homes).* The Kickapoo have one of the most unique “forced migrations” of any Indian history. tribe Originally from Michigan (eastern Lake Erie), they were encountered by Europeans in Wisconsin in the late 17th century. They lived in Indiana (on the Wabash River near Lafayette) in Illinois and Missouri until the early 19th century when they moved. to Kansas The Kickapoo were disturbed by the southern 1864 to Arkansas and then to Texas government treaty (where they stayed with some Shawnee, Delaware, and Cherokee) before they were forced to move to Oklahoma (the Texan seat at this time). Some, however, broke away from the Kickapoo and instead headed south to Mexico, where it is believed that a few hundred Kickapoo still reside (about 400 in 1905).
Mahican
Basics: Speaking Algonquian people, who were very horticultural, who hunted and gathered, and lived in villages for many years surrounded by long dwellings. Mahican, sometimes the Mohicans are not zea. the same as the Mohegan (an entirely different group in Southern New England, related to the Pequot). Mahican lands in European contact included Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Eastern New York. Very few Mahicans lived in Indiana (they represented other Native Communities) and those who sang with the Delaware, because they managed to live in the same villages with their old eastern neighbors (and shared almost the same culture and part. Munsee-Delaware). As early as 1669 some Mahicans had explored the Midwest. In 1721, a party of Mahicans had settled in Miami on the Kankakee River (two hands of Mahicans in Miami since 1680). In 1818, Stockbridge (a branch of the Mahican) arrived at the White River, just in time to learn that they had sold those very lands to Delaware and Miami. Many from Stockbridge and some of Delaware ended up moving on to Wisconsin, their descendants still living today known as Stockbridge-Munsee.
Mascouten
Basics: The Algonquian were a horticultural-speaking people who hunted and gathered, and lived in villages and permanent summer buildings and semi-permanent winter camps.* The Mascouten are located in Michigan. the time of European contact, and by 1679 the Mascouten were living in areas around the bottom of Lake Michigan, including Northern Indiana. After 1735, many Mascouten lived with the Kickapoo, especially near Lafayette on the Wabash. By the 1800s, they were seen with the Kickapoo, who had been occupying the Indiana-Illinois border since 1820. Unfortunately, the Mascouten are arguably the least known tribe to have inhabited Indiana in historical times, which is why they were subjugated. in common publications and school text books.
Miami
The Basics: The Algonquians were talking about people who were great gardeners. They hunted and ate food. They lived in summer villages and permanent structures (perhaps large bark houses: multi-family houses), and semi-permanent winter camps (wigwams: nuclear family houses). lingua Miami) first gathered near Green Bay, Wisconsin as refugees from the Iroquois Wars. Compared to their Wisconsin neighbors the Fox (Meskwaki), the Miami seemed “out of place” and unable to deal with the northern weather patterns that inhibited hunting (as the Miami does not seem to have made any snow aboriginally). This happened because the Miami probably did not practice deep snow hunting as their culture placed great importance on gardens and prepared their Indian homelands to obtain large crops of crops during the deep snow seasons. In fact, Miami is marked by thousands and thousands of crops that surrounded the villages in historical times. By 1680, Miami began to return to the Indian and Ohio countries. Miami includes six major sub-groups: Atchatchakangouen, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, Pepikokia, Piankeshaw and Wea. Miami proper (excluding Wea, Pepikokia and Piankeshaw) central Indiana inhabited eastern Ohio in the 18th century. The latter three groups separated into two distinct tribes and retained their status for several historical periods (see Piankeshaw and Wea). Miami has had a constant presence in Indiana throughout the post-historic period. Most of the American troops were removed to Kansas in 1846, then to Oklahoma, where most still reside (Oklahoma, Miami). Some of the Miami United States were able to resist or force them not to remove them and continue the poster. that today he lives in Indiana (Miami, Indiana).
Nanticoke
Basics: Algonquian-speaking people who were extensive horticulturalists who also hunted (especially fishing and clamming). They lived in many long villages included in the villages. Nanticoke Country surrounded Eastern Maryland, Western Delaware and a small corner of Virginia. Like other eastern nations, the Nanticoke experience in historical times included the necessary migrations from encroaching white settlements. When the last guards were announced in Maryland, they retreated to Pennsylvania, usually living among other refugee population groups, especially Delaware. Later many of the Nanticoke moved to New York to live with the Iroquois, but the party went west with the Delaware. By 1805, this community established the village of Nanticoke on the White River in Indiana, and by 1818 they had moved west to the Mississippi, where they settled for a time before moving to Oklahoma in Kansas.
Ojibwa or Chippewa
Basics: Algonquian hunters and messengers speak (especially wild rice and fish), who also garden (depending on their location for full growing seasons to cultivate corn). They consisted of villages and temporary camps, with many family homes and individual domestic houses (conical, conical, and a-frame wigwams) – which were used as summer villages. north to the shore of Lake Huron, to the upper peninsula of Michigan. When the Huron (many of whom became Wyandot) were driven out by the Iroquois in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois then began to oppress the Ojibwa. Since then, conflict and trade have spurred the movement of many Ojibwa communities across the Great Lakes region, south to Ohio and Indiana. Some had come to Prophetstown for a time in the early 1800’s. While most of the region west of the Mississippi has been removed, most of the Ojibwa have remained in the Great Lakes region until the present – their upper populations can be found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and neighboring areas in Canada. By 1970, about half of the Ojibwa population lived in urban centers.
Ottawa or Odawa
Basics: Algonquian people who hunted, fished, gathered and cultivated crops. They lived in permanent villages surrounded by long houses, and used conical wigwams on hunting and fishing trips. At the time of European contact, Ottawa was located on Manitoulin Island and the adjacent Bruce Peninsula. such as the northeast of lower Michigan across Lake Huron). They surrounded and expanded their territories into the counties of Canada, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and small sections of the Indiana border with Michigan and Ohio throughout the historic period (until 1839). Companies of Ottawa (Odawa) and Chippewa (Ojibwa) also took up residence in Prophetstown (on the Battle Ground near Lafayette, 1808-1811), but mostly remained after one severe winter (some returned to Ottawa later). Today, the majority of Ottawa’s residents live in Ontario, Michigan, and Oklahoma.
Piankeshaw
Basics: Algonquian-speaking gardeners who hunted and gathered. They lived in summer villages and permanent structures (perhaps large bark houses: multi-family houses), and semi-permanent winter camps (wigwams: nuclear family houses).* Piankeshaw are a party of Miami; which historically separated the state and separated in the historical period (until 1854, when some of Illinois and Wea formally joined to create the confederation of Peoria). The Piankeshaws, like their Miami cousins, were early Indian people. From 1725 they inhabited Southwestern Indiana and part of southern Illinois until 1814, when Missouri responded to the expansion and pressure of whites. Today, the Piankeshaws are no longer a separate entity, and the Piankeshaw descendants are considered part of Peoria, one of the most integrated groups in Illinois in the nineteenth century.
Potawatomi
Basics: Algonquian horticulture-speaking people who hunted and gathered, and lived in permanent summer villages and structures (large bark houses: multi-family houses), and probably dispersed in semi-permanent winter camps (the theme of wigwams: nuclear family. houses ).* The Potawatomi nations were located in the western lower Michigan region (which probably crossed into northwestern Indiana). By 1701, the Potawatomi had established a village on the Indiana-Michigan border. By 1768, the Potawatomi settlement had expanded to include the entire northern border of Indiana and by 1810, they had established villages on the Wabash River further south. In 1830, the Potawatomi owned several villages in Northern Indiana including the Eel, Tippecanoe, and Wabash Rivers. The 1838 removal of the Potawatomi in northern Indiana to designated areas west of the Mississippi became famously known to modern Indians as the “Trail of Death” (not to be confused with the “Trail of Tears” – referring to the removal of the Cherokee and Southeastern Indian. routes – although all under the same Indian removal Acts would be carried out). These Potawatomi communities eventually moved to Kansas and Oklahoma, where many still reside today. Some Potawatomi also removed to Ontario between 1837 and 1840, where they are generally counted with the Canadian communities of Chippewa and Ottawa. Some of the Potawatomi remained in Indiana and Michigan, and their descendants remained within the two states.
Shawnee
Basics: Algonquian-serpent, a horticultural people who hunted and gathered, and lived in permanent summer villages and structures (bark house: multifamily house), and semi-permanent winter camps (the theme of wigwams: nuclear house house). * Shawnee homelands are usually thought to be southern Ohio and nearby areas in West Virginia and Kentucky (perhaps associated with or directly descended from the Fort Ancient complex). They are known for their large movements in the historical period (before the removal), the states (east of the Mississippi) living in one place Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, and also Georgia and Alabama. Shawnee villages were built in southern Indiana along the Ohio River by 1670. By 1788, the Shawnee had founded lower villages. The White River and near Miami and the Delaware near Fort Wayne. Villages continue to be established throughout Indiana, but especially in the southern half of the state (with the Delaware towns along the Ohio River and near Beck Mill in Salem), until a small portion of the Ohio Shawnee Prophetstown was founded in 1808 (in Battle Ground near Lafayette. ). Prophetstown, when founded by Shawnee war chief Tecumseh and his brother Prophet, was not a Shawnee “tribal” village. It was a Pan-Indian village for believers of any Indian nation, and most Native Americans of the time did not agree or support the village or his brothers moved. However, the establishment of Prophetstown would attract some Wisconsin Winnebago sympathizers to settle for a short time in Indiana (see Winnebago). After the Prophet’s faith was destroyed at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, followers of Tecumseh Shawnee went with him to Ontario, but later ended up in Kansas.
Wea
Basics: Algonquian-speaking people who hunted and gathered large horticultural crops. In summer villages and permanent structures (perhaps large bark houses: multi-family houses), and semi-permanent winter camps (wigwams: nuclear family houses).* The Wea (and the Miami sub-group Pepikokia, who they were probably absorbed by the Wea about 1742) are the Miami party, who maintained a separate tribal state during the historic period until 1854, when they formally united with the Illinois and Piankeshaw, creating the Peoria Confederacy. The Wea, like their Miami cousins, were originally Indians. From the 1700s they settled in west central Indiana and part of eastern Illinois until the 1820s, when they retreated to Missouri due to expansion and white pressure. Today the remote Wea are no longer separate entities, and the descendants of the Wea are considered part of Peoria, one of the groups of Illinois that coalesced since the 19th century. There are, however, individuals of Wea’s heritage who have reestablished themselves as a community on the Indiana-Illinois border.
Winnebago or Ho-Chunk
Basics: A horticultural Siouan who hunts and gathers. They lived in large, rectangular bark structures during the summer months, with tents also used as wigwams (of course during the winter), which soon replaced larger structures as the preferred historic-age dwelling.* The Winnebago towns are located in central Wisconsin and on the northern border of Illinois. During the Prophetstown period some Winnebago had come to live as loyalists, supporters and fighters (some of Tecumseh’s soldiers included Winnebago men). The large number of Winnebago people at Prophetstown may have led to some misconceptions about the modern “Sioux” people from the “west” in Indiana, as many believed that the Plains people had been in Indiana since the tepees. The stories of the Winnebago who are Siouan and from the Old North speak — the Plains people were not in tepees. The Winnebago are part of the northern cultural area and lead such a life; they lived in large bark houses and turtle wigwams like their wild Indian neighbors. Removal for Winnebago residences in the states of Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska (Nebraska Winnebago) included; although the party remained in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Winnebago).
Wyandot (Huron Fugitive).
& Tionantati/Patún
The Basics: The Iroquoian-speakers were horticulturalists who hunted and gathered (especially fishing). They lived in round villages from many long-standing families in successive years. This most likely gave way to smaller houses (wigwams) while fleeing war in historical times. The word Wyandot, among historians, is not another word for the Huron tribe, as is commonly believed. It is a Huron word (“Wendat”) that was applied by historians to the party of Hurons and the exiled Iroquoian tribes (including Tionontati or Petún and perhaps some Erie) who went to Detroit in 1701, and their later community. When the French called the Huron nation, that party was known to the British exiles as “Wyandot.” They brought the Wyandot from their Huron and Iroquoian homelands in the eastern Great Lakes to the western Great Lakes while the Iroquois were fleeing the Five Nations (Haudenosaunee) during the “Iroquois Wars” (1641-1701). By 1811, the Wyandot village was founded by Prophetstown in Indiana, where the pro-British Indians lived. during the War of 1812 (other Wyandot were located in Ohio and Michigan at this time). The influence probably reached farther than this one village in the northern part of the state, as they gave stories of residence and hiding places in southern Indiana a way of naming natural features in the state (like forests and caves) after Wyandot.
Visitors to Indiana
No doubt they were distinct from other local tribes who visited Indian towns for Indian formalities and politics, or came individually as members of established tribes in Indiana to meet with larger communities. Such was the case of the two dozen Creek men who came to Prophetstown after being invited by Tecumseh to become part of a pan-Indian movement to resist American expansion. Some of the Meskwaki (Fox) also came to stay for two weeks at Prophetstown. The native nations of other local tribes passed through Indiana to their places either east or west. Mainly “high traffic” areas for this would be the extreme shores of Lake Michigan, south of the state along the Ohio River, and between Inland rivers such as the Wabash and Maumee Rivers at one portage, connecting travelers to the south and west with the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and Lake Erie to the northeast.
* Terms in Context
Perpetual Village and Structures – Villages and bark-roofed buildings were moved to one location for 10 or more years before settlement.
Semi-permanent winter camps and wigwams – camps used for 2-3 months and returned annually; the framework was always a permanent structure (eg, the foundation of the wigwam was permanently anchored to the ground and never moved, but the roofs of the cattail mats could be removed and removed, then put back on again the next winter).
Notes about Native Camps: All Indian natives, whether in their village for a year or more, families trips to fish and/or hunt and/or sugar camps. Their time spent in these areas is anywhere from 4 to 7 weeks per year (excluding winter residences). After spending several weeks in the camp, they returned to their village. This is not a nomadic way of life, nor is it “living” in temporary camps. These camps can be thought of in the same way as a vacation home or a hunting cabin: a destination family can return every year for two weeks or a season, with most things staying at home not. I come on a journey. If we don’t think this is a “living move”, we shouldn’t apply it to indigenous people who have done the same.
Sources:
“Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History”
Registrations of the North American Indian.” Volume 15 – Northeast
