What were the foundations of corrections over the past two centuries? During the 19th century an offender experienced physical pain and torture as punishment for committing crimes. Corporal punishment was often used and most of the time punishments were carried out in the public. The purpose was retributive, to deter others, and to humiliate the offender. Another feature of the 19th century correctional system was the lack of use of imprisonment most of those in prison were waiting for their punishment to be issued against them, or to basically detain debtors who can’t pay their debts, or for those who were awaiting trial.
Prisoners were free to roam, the lack of guards was overly evident, and the inmates had to provide their own food and clothing. Eventually, the goal became punitive and prisons were used to punish offenders. In the 20th century, rehabilitation became the focus later on in society, however, full dedication to rehabilitation was never achieved. Few offenders on probation and parole receive intensive care, treatment programs seriously lacked the needs of prisoners, and these treatment programs were often used as a punitive measure. Community corrections only broaden the ability to control or survey offenders without any real treatment provided.
Another issue was the focus on political and social climate of the prison system. It was obvious that during the 1950’s and 1960’s, civil right issues were everywhere, including within the prison or correctional system. Each of the civil rights movements – race, politics, and other social issues, increased certain minority groups’ power and influences in prison. Law reforms focused on how inmates were treated in prison. Prisoners protested against inhumane conditions. Sometimes these rights would result in prison instability or even riots. Prisoners, like those on the outside, wanted and demanded rights also.
Also, the rise of professionalism and hierarchy led many guards to turn to unions to give voice to their interest. More and more guards were in fear for their safety due to the increasing demands of the prisoners, protest, and riots. The guard staff also became more representative of the inmate population, which was an important step and, in turn, helped the inmates receive some of their demands. There was an increase in Black and Hispanic guards. Having those in charge who look like you or could relate to you helped a great deal. Toward the end of the 20th century the new corporate interest came into existence.
Although this may seem like a good ideal within the correctional system, in terms of economics, overall it doesn’t help the prison system run anymore efficient. It is limited in its ability to be responsive to prisoner complaints and needs. All these changes made by the corporate or restorative concept is limited to public opinion, the media and political pressure. The major theme in the 19th century was corporal punishment, deterrence, and retribution. The theme in the 20th century started out punitive but started to focus on prisoner’s rights in the mid-20th century, since then the theme has been punitive and deterrence. In the 19th century, the focus was on society as a whole and what was best for society, also moral issues were important. And in the 20th century, legal and liberal issues were the main focus.
